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• Lecturer You're probably wondering,so what are the parts required for a C program?We will learn how to structure a C programby exploring a program called Hello, World.I'm already inside my Dev-C IDE.I'm going to create a new project.I'm going to go to file, new, and I'm going to click on project.Notice under the new project, under the tab basic,I can choose to.
• Introduction Dev-C is a full-featured integrated development environment ( IDE), which is able to create Windows or DOS-based C/C programs using the Mingw compiler system (included with the package), or the Cygwin compiler.

In the C++ programming language, the C++ Standard Library is a collection of classes and functions, which are written in the core language and part of the C++ ISO Standard itself.^[1]

Overview[edit]

DEV-C is a fully-featured integrated development environment (IDE) for creating, debugging and creating applications written in a popular C programming language. Even though tools for the development of C software have undergone countless upgrades over the years, a large number of developers located all around the world have expressed a.

The C++ Standard Library provides several generic containers, functions to utilize and manipulate these containers, function objects, generic strings and streams (including interactive and file I/O), support for some language features, and functions for everyday tasks such as finding the square root of a number. The C++ Standard Library also incorporates 18 headers of the ISO C90C standard library ending with '.h', but their use is deprecated.^[2] No other headers in the C++ Standard Library end in '.h'. Features of the C++ Standard Library are declared within the stdnamespace.

The C++ Standard Library is based upon conventions introduced by the Standard Template Library (STL), and has been influenced by research in generic programming and developers of the STL such as Alexander Stepanov and Meng Lee.^[3][4] Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other.

A noteworthy feature of the C++ Standard Library is that it not only specifies the syntax and semantics of generic algorithms, but also places requirements on their performance.^[5] These performance requirements often correspond to a well-known algorithm, which is expected but not required to be used. In most cases this requires linear time O(n) or linearithmic time O(n log n), but in some cases higher bounds are allowed, such as quasilinear time O(n log²n) for stable sort (to allow in-place merge sort). Previously, sorting was only required to take O(n log n) on average, allowing the use of quicksort, which is fast in practice but has poor worst-case performance, but introsort was introduced to allow both fast average performance and optimal worst-case complexity, and as of C++11, sorting is guaranteed to be at worst linearithmic. In other cases requirements remain laxer, such as selection, which is only required to be linear on average (as in quickselect),^[6] not requiring worst-case linear as in introselect.

The C++ Standard Library underwent ISO standardization as part of the C++ ISO Standardization effort, and is undergoing further work^[7] regarding standardization of expanded functionality.

Implementations[edit]

At CppCon 2019 on September 16th, 2019, Microsoft announced releasing their implementation of the C++ Standard Library (also known as the STL) as open source.^[8] It is hosted on GitHub and licensed under the Apache License 2.0 with LLVM Exception.^[9][10]

The Apache C++ Standard Library is another open source implementation. It was originally developed commercially by Rogue Wave Software and later donated to the Apache Software Foundation.^[11] However, after more than five years without a release, the board of the Apache Software Foundation decided to end this project and move it to Apache Attic.^[12]

Standard headers[edit]

The following files contain the declarations of the C++ Standard Library.

Containers[edit]

<array>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::array, a container for a fixed sized array.

<bitset>

Provides the specialized container class std::bitset, a bit array.

<deque>

Provides the container class template std::deque, a double-ended queue.

<forward_list>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::forward_list, a singly linked list.

<list>

Provides the container class template std::list, a doubly linked list.

<map>

Provides the container class templates std::map and std::multimap, sorted associative array and multimap.

<queue>

Provides the container adapter class std::queue, a single-ended queue, and std::priority_queue, a priority queue.

<set>

Provides the container class templates std::set and std::multiset, sorted associative containers or sets.

<stack>

Provides the container adapter class std::stack, a stack.

<unordered_map>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::unordered_map and std::unordered_multimap, hash tables.

<unordered_set>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template std::unordered_set and std::unordered_multiset.

<vector>

Provides the container class template std::vector, a dynamic array.

General[edit]

<algorithm>

Provides definitions of many container algorithms.

<chrono>

Provides time elements, such as std::chrono::duration, std::chrono::time_point, and clocks.

<functional>

Provides several function objects, designed for use with the standard algorithms.

<iterator>

Provides classes and templates for working with iterators.

<memory>

Provides facilities for memory management in C++, including the class template std::unique_ptr.

<stdexcept>

Contains standard exception classes such as std::logic_error and std::runtime_error, both derived from std::exception.

<tuple>

New in C++11 and TR1. Provides a class template std::tuple, a tuple.

<utility>

Provides the template class std::pair, for working with object pairs (two-member tuples), and the namespace std::rel_ops, for easier operator overloading.

Localization[edit]

<locale>

Defines classes and declares functions that encapsulate and manipulate the information peculiar to a locale.

<codecvt>

Provides code conversion facets for various character encodings.

Strings[edit]

<string>

Provides the C++ standard string classes and templates.

<regex>

New in C++11. Provides utilities for pattern matching strings using regular expressions.

Streams and input/output[edit]

<fstream>

Provides facilities for file-based input and output. See fstream.

<iomanip>

Provides facilities to manipulate output formatting, such as the base used when formatting integers and the precision of floating point values.

<ios>

Provides several types and functions basic to the operation of iostreams.

<iosfwd>

Provides forward declarations of several I/O-related class templates.

<iostream>

Provides C++ input and output fundamentals. See iostream.

<istream>

Provides the template class std::istream and other supporting classes for input.

<ostream>

Provides the template class std::ostream and other supporting classes for output.

<sstream>

Provides the template class std::stringstream and other supporting classes for string manipulation.

<streambuf>

Provides reading and writing functionality to/from certain types of character sequences, such as external files or strings.

Language support[edit]

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<exception>

Provides several types and functions related to exception handling, including std::exception, the base class of all exceptions thrown by the Standard Library.

<limits>

Provides the template class std::numeric_limits, used for describing properties of fundamental numeric types.

<new>

Provides operators new and delete and other functions and types composing the fundamentals of C++ memory management.

<typeinfo>

Provides facilities for working with C++ run-time type information.

Thread support library[edit]

<thread>

New in C++11. Provide class and namespace for working with threads.

<mutex>

New in C++11. 30.4-1. This section provides mechanisms for mutual exclusion: mutexes, locks, and call once.

<condition_variable>

New in C++11. 30.5-1. Condition variables provide synchronization primitives used to block a thread until notified by some other thread that some condition is met or until a system time is reached.

<future>

New in C++11. 30.6.1-1. Describes components that a C++ program can use to retrieve in one thread the result (value or exception) from a function that has run in the same thread or another thread.

Numerics library[edit]

Components that C++ programs may use to perform seminumerical operations.

<complex>

The header <complex> defines a class template, and numerous functions for representing and manipulating complex numbers.

<random>

Facility for generating (pseudo-)random numbers

<valarray>

Defines five class templates (valarray, slice_array, gslice_array, mask_array, and indirect_array), two classes (slice and gslice),and a series of related function templates for representing and manipulating arrays of values.

<numeric>

Generalized numeric operations.

C standard library[edit]

Each header from the C Standard Library is included in the C++ Standard Library under a different name, generated by removing the .h, and adding a 'c' at the start; for example, 'time.h' becomes 'ctime'. The only difference between these headers and the traditional C Standard Library headers is that where possible the functions should be placed into the std:: namespace. In ISO C, functions in the standard library are allowed to be implemented by macros, which is not allowed by ISO C++.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) Programming Languages — C++ §17-27
2. ^ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) Programming Languages — C++ §D.5
3. ^Bjarne Stroustrup. The Design and Evolution of C++ §8.5. Addison Wesley. ISBN0-201-54330-3.
4. ^Alexander Stepanov, Meng Lee (1 August 1994). 'The Standard Template Library'. HP Labs. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
5. ^'Generic Algorithms', David Musser
6. ^'std::nth_element'. cppreference.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
7. ^'JTC1/SC22/WG21 - The C++ Standards Committee'. ISO/IEC. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
8. ^https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/open-sourcing-msvcs-stl/
9. ^https://github.com/microsoft/STL
10. ^https://github.com/microsoft/STL/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
11. ^Apache C++ Standard Library
12. ^Brett Porter (18 July 2013). 'Apache C++ Standard Library and the Attic'. stdcxx-dev mailing list. Retrieved 27 February 2014.

Further reading[edit]

• Stroustrup, Bjarne. The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0321563842.
• Josuttis, Nicolai. The C++ Standard Library - A Tutorial and Reference. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0-321-62321-8.
• Van Weert, Peter; Gregoire, Marc. C++ Standard Library Quick Reference. Apress. ISBN978-1484218754.

External links[edit]

• Apache C++ Standard Library Wiki, retired 15 May 2014 (based on Rogue Wave C++ Standard Library 4.1.0)

• C++ Basics

• C++ Object Oriented

• C++ Advanced

• C++ Useful Resources

• Selected Reading

A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C++ program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions.

You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code among different functions is up to you, but logically the division usually is such that each function performs a specific task.

A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function.

The C++ standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call. For example, function strcat() to concatenate two strings, function memcpy() to copy one memory location to another location and many more functions.

A function is known with various names like a method or a sub-routine or a procedure etc.

Defining a Function

The general form of a C++ function definition is as follows −

A C++ function definition consists of a function header and a function body. Here are all the parts of a function −

• Return Type − A function may return a value. The return_type is the data type of the value the function returns. Some functions perform the desired operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the keyword void.

• Function Name − This is the actual name of the function. The function name and the parameter list together constitute the function signature.

• Parameters − A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This value is referred to as actual parameter or argument. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the parameters of a function. Parameters are optional; that is, a function may contain no parameters.

• Function Body − The function body contains a collection of statements that define what the function does.

Example

Following is the source code for a function called max(). This function takes two parameters num1 and num2 and return the biggest of both −

Function Declarations

A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the function. The actual body of the function can be defined separately.

A function declaration has the following parts −

For the above defined function max(), following is the function declaration −

Parameter names are not important in function declaration only their type is required, so following is also valid declaration −

Function declaration is required when you define a function in one source file and you call that function in another file. In such case, you should declare the function at the top of the file calling the function.

Calling a Function

While creating a C++ function, you give a definition of what the function has to do. To use a function, you will have to call or invoke that function.

When a program calls a function, program control is transferred to the called function. A called function performs defined task and when it’s return statement is executed or when its function-ending closing brace is reached, it returns program control back to the main program.

To call a function, you simply need to pass the required parameters along with function name, and if function returns a value, then you can store returned value. For example −

I kept max() function along with main() function and compiled the source code. While running final executable, it would produce the following result −

Function Arguments

If a function is to use arguments, it must declare variables that accept the values of the arguments. These variables are called the formal parameters of the function.

The formal parameters behave like other local variables inside the function and are created upon entry into the function and destroyed upon exit.

While calling a function, there are two ways that arguments can be passed to a function −

By default, C++ uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, this means that code within a function cannot alter the arguments used to call the function and above mentioned example while calling max() function used the same method.

Parts Of Declaration Independence

Default Values for Parameters

When you define a function, you can specify a default value for each of the last parameters. This value will be used if the corresponding argument is left blank when calling to the function.

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This is done by using the assignment operator and assigning values for the arguments in the function definition. If a value for that parameter is not passed when the function is called, the default given value is used, but if a value is specified, this default value is ignored and the passed value is used instead. Consider the following example −

Parts Of Declaration

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −